Recognition of vegetation and study of their ecological features are considered a criterion for the quality of forest ecosystems. So such researches in these habitats is necessary in order to study floristic combination accurately since according to their outcomes, we can predict the trend of future changes and preserve endangered plant species. Therefore, this survey was done in order to study one of the most significant plain forests in the south of Caspian Sea relying on plant characteristics in Outdoor Recreation zone. First of all, 80 plots were chosen by means of random-systematic sampling. Then features of quantity and quality related to tree, shrub and herbaceous coverage in those plots were measured. In this matter, density, coverage percentage, frequency, abundance and presence for forest stand and forest coverage were calculated.According to the results, 35 plant species including 17 tree species and 18 herbaceous species were recognized in Outdoor Recreation zone of Sisangan forest park. The relationship between the coverage percentage of upper storey and forest bottom plants reflect the relationship between falling rate of upper storey and rising rate of forest bottom coverage. All in all, in Outdoor Recreation zone, the frequency of Buxus Hyrcana and Carpinus betulus is dramatically more than other species. As a matter of fact, considering their conservation importance, full attention to this reserve is essential.Taking everything into consideration, in order to preserve plant species of this area, it is necessary that responsible organizations pay special attention to this reserve where conservation plant species according to the red list of IUCN exist.

Background and Objective: Tourism is a process with different forms for providing human Recreation needs. The increasing critical pressure on urban and near urban regions can be the reason for this statement. In such condition, providing a master schedule at the national scale for each special regional condition is vital. Thus, natural resources conservation to ensure the sustainable development and to provide optimal quality for tourism services would be possible by paying attention to the carrying capacity. The aim of this study was to determine the carrying capacity of Berenjegan forest region in Chaharmahal-o-Bakhtiari province. Method: The instructions provided by the International Union for conservation of nature have been used to determine the carrying capacity of the study area. The appropriate sites with the capacity of concentrated tourist attraction were pidentified to determine the physical carrying capacity. Then real carrying capacity in the concentrated Recreation site was specified by determining the restricted factors in the region, as well as considering the related effect on the physical carrying capacity. Finding: Results of this study showed that the area of suitable site for tourists reception in Berenjegan forest region was 6. 1 ha from 480 ha. Real value of the physical carrying capacity was calculated. The physical carrying capacity was 10457 individuals per day, 3816856 per year, while the real carrying capacity was 911individuals per day and 112053 per year. Discussion and Conclusion: Real carrying capacity was less than the physical carrying capacity so that the number of limiting factors in the region could affect the real carrying capacity directly and it was decreased with the increase of limiting factors.

Band village is located at Orumieh region in West Azerbaijan province is one of the important tourism and promenade zone in Iran. The aim of this paper is to estimate the Outdoor Recreation value of Band village with the use of contingent valuation method. To determine effective variables affecting willingness to pay of individuals, Logit model estimated with the use of maximum likelihood approach. Needed data were obtained through filling up questionnaires and interviewing with 140 individuals who visited the mentioned village. Results revealed that 75 percents of respondents were ready to pay for visiting the village. Also, results showed that factors affecting willingness to pay included education, revenue, gender, family size, and satisfaction degree of visitors. Mean Willingness to pay for each visitor per year was 6250 Rls. and annual Outdoor Recreation value of the village was amounted to 500 million Rls.

Aims & Backgrounds The purpose of this study was to evaluate the environmental risk of Tehran’, s sports spaces in terms of the release of carbon monoxide pollutants. Methodology First, data related to carbon monoxide pollutants were collected from the Tehran Air Pollution Monitoring Center and analyzed from the beginning of April 2018 to the beginning of April 2019. Using Craig’, s introspection, the corresponding raster was generated and classified. Finally, the classification was done and the relevant map was prepared using the air quality index table (AQI / PSI), the spatial location layer of the sports complex, and the pollution layer of the carbon monoxide was merged using IO technique in the GIS. William Fine’, s risk assessment method, with two different scenarios, was used to determine the level and rank of environmental risk. Findings The results showed that the highest and the lowest hourly concentration of carbon monoxide pollutants are recorded in Aqdasiyeh (with 2. 39 ppm) and Piroozi (with 2. 11 ppm), respectively. The cleanest air was recorded in Aqdasiyeh station (with 77 clean days), while the most polluted air was recorded in Piroozi station (with just7 clean days). Approximately, 30 percent of the days of the year had grouped into categories of “, unhealthy”,and “, unhealthy for sensitive groups”, . The average hourly and daily concentration of carbon monoxide pollutants. was less than permitted levels at all stations, indicating that none of the sports complexes in the study area are at risk for hourly concentrations of carbon monoxide pollutants. According to Scenario A, the risk rating is related to the carbon monoxide pollutant 24, which indicates a non-hazardous situation and a “, low-risk level”, . Conclusion About 12 sports complexes are directly exposed to this pollutant and it is necessary to adopt management strategies to improve the quality of this type of urban land use.

Background and Objective: Valuation of functions and Non-Market services of environment are important for many reasons such as identifying and understanding the environmental and ecological benefits by humans, presentation of environmental issues to decision makers and planners, providing link between economic policies and natural revenues and assess the role and importance of environmental resources in support of human welfare and sustainable development. Methods: In this study, Recreational value of Bamou Park is estimated and measured with using two methods of contingent value and travel cost. For this purpose, 315 questionnaires from visitor to extract the required data have been matched. Findings: Based on estimated results, variables: inhabitance, distance from park, first visit, number of visit, Deontologist, education, travel cost, visitors income, museum existence, and existence of Animal species such as deer, wolf, wild ram and cinereous vulture is effective variable on willingness to pay of visitor in 2011. Results show that monthly expected willingness to pay of consequentialist and deontologist visitors is 51397 and 61028 Rial respectively. Finally, Recreational value of Bamou Park estimated in 2 methods is 1. 085 and 1. 975 Billion Rial respectively in 2011. Discussion and Conclusion: Since that travel cost method used market price information and revealed willingness to pay and also 90. 7 percentages of visitors are Zone inhabitance and travel cost function was ideal form econometrics theoretical aspect, preferred using travel cost method instead of contingent value method to valuating the Bamou National Park in 2011.

Background and objectives: In recent years the increasing population and urban development has caused the increase on Recreational demand in natural areas. The Ghalehgol forest is located in Khoramabad country. Due to the geographical location, natural and historical attractions here is one of the important tourism area of Lorestan province. The aim of this study is estimating the Recreation value of this region according to visitors' idea and investigation the influencing factors on willingness to pay for visiting the area. Materials and methods: The necessary statistics and information were collected through the completion of questionnaires by visitors that had independent income in spring of 2016. Generally, 252 questionnaires were completed by random sampling. 245 of these questionnaires for further analysis were selected. For this purpose, contingent valuation method was used. To investigate the factors affecting visitor’ s willingness to pay, the logit model was estimated using maximum likelihood. Then the aggregate elasticity and marginal effect analyze was conducted. Results: The results showed that 65% of the visitors are willing to pay for visiting the region. The variables of monthly income, distance of home and proposed price for entrance at the probability level of one percent and the variables of car owner and education at the probability level of five percent have statistically significant effects on the willingness to pay. Aggregate elasticity related to education and monthly income showed that in constancy of other factors, one percent increase in education and monthly income probability of willingness to pay increase 0. 95 percent and 0. 43 percent and for variables distance to home and proposed price decrease 0. 10 percent and 0. 05 percent, respectively. Amounts of marginal effect for variables monthly income and education showed that with the increase of one variable mentioned probability of willingness to pay increase 4. 2 percent and 2. 7 percent and for two variables distance to home and proposed price were leading to a reduction in the probability of willingness to pay for visitors 3. 4 percent and 0. 3 percent, respectively. Marginal effect for car owner variable showed that willingness to pay in car owners 15. 5 percent higher than don’ t it. The whole annual Recreational value of the region was estimated 1266. 18 million Rials in 2016. Conclusion: The high amount of Recreational value represented the beauty and value of the region's and the importance of this region to the visitors, that reveals the need for attention to the management of tourism industry in this area, to prevent the destruction of these valuable ecosystems and maybe income-generating.

Introduction The southern hillside of Alborz Mountains and specially Koohsar Natural Park is a suitable destination to alleviate daily stresses in Tehran metropolitan area. The purpose of this research is to provide principles and solutions for sustainable mountainous landscape planning, and their future development. Preservation and promotion of natural heritage and tourism enhancement, with emphasis on environmental quality, is among the planning goals of such environments. In this regard, the master p lan of the study area was produced based on the Recreational demands of visitors and environmental parameters like topography, geology, climate, habitats, hydrology, land cover and land use. Finally, site design was provided.The expected results of the research are: conflict mitigation on intact areas using zoning procedure emphasizing on the reduction of negative human conflicts. We considered modeling for planning with the least environmental deterioration, for sustainable tourism planning and finally to achieve tourism planning principles. Then, we compare the research findings and provide a strategic plan (the best planning option) of Koohsar Natural Park aiming at considering the sustainable planning principles, tourism development, and environmental quality promotion.

The increasing population and urban development in recent years has increased the demand for Recreation in cultural and historic places. The tomb of Shams Tabrizi is located in Khoy, West Azerbaijan province due to its historical and cultural features being a, historic and touristic region of the province and the country. Therefore, due to the values of tourism and Recreation, the existence of defieiencies in the historic site of the tomb can be effective in cultural tourism. This study is aimed at estimating the value of Recreation in the tomb of Shams Tabrizi using contingent valuation. To investigate the factors affecting visitor’s willingness to pay, the logit model was estimated using maximum likelihood. The required data was obtained by usuing a questionnaire and interviews were collected on 140 visits to the tomb. The results showed that 75% of the visitors are willing to pay for visiting the tomb. The education variables, satisfaction, gender, household size, income and price have significant effects on the probability of willingness to pay, but they vary in age. The difference was not significant, but the sign was to be expected. The average willingness to pay was estimated to be the amount of 6250 Rials and the annual Recreational value of the Shams Tabrizi's tomb was estimated to be about 375 million Rials.

Analyzing the effective factors on people's demands, can be help to predict resorts and Recreational needs and successful management of such areas. Alavi Park in Qom city can attract many tourists but it lacks developments in constructions and equipment necessary for parks and Recreational areas. We used questionnaire to analyze the affecting factors on Outdoor Recreation in Alavi Park. Results showed that the correlation between variables was significant for age, marital status, education level, income and motivation, though the correlation coefficient was not significant for gender, job and park accessibility. Most visitors aged between 15-30 years old, married and preferred to use the park in spring, which was expectable with regard to demographics and climate of Qom.Filling the leisure time, rest and relaxation, picnic, entertainments and using children playground were main motivations of the park visitors which was correlated with quantity and quality of facilities in the park.